Probing the Physiological Roles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cytochrome c Peroxidase Using Biochemical and Proteomics Approaches
Heng Jiang
Yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) efficiently catalyzes the
reduction of H2O2 to H2O by ferrocytochrome
c and is presumed to be a key component in cellular redox signaling. The
CCPW191F variant does not possess ferrocytochrome
c-oxidizing activity but does signal oxidative stress. A biophysical study
of the recombinant proteins showed that CCP exhibited greater spectral
(absorption and near-UV circular dichroism) changes than CCPW191F
over 30 min following exposure to 10 molar equivalents of
H2O2. The stable nitroxyl radical,
2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl
The mass spectral behavior of TEMPO• in aqueous solutions was investigated prior to characterizing its reaction with the H2O2-oxidized peroxidases. The electrospray ionization mass spectrum showed that TEMPO+, TEMPOH•+ and TEMPOH2+ ions were formed in the ionization source. TEMPONa•+ ions were dominant in the presence of sodium and fragmented by cleavage of the weak TEMPO•-Na+ bond. Quantum chemistry calculations revealed that protonation unlike sodiation destabilized the electronic structure of TEMPO•, which complicated the mass spectra.
The function of CCP in vivo was systematically investigated. Cell survival, antioxidant activity and tolerance to heat and oxidants of wild-type, ccp1 Δ (CCP1-null-mutant) and ccp1Δ-ccp1W191F (ccp1Δ cells transformed with ccp1W191F) S. cerevisiae strains were compared. The phenotypic differences provide strong evidence that yeast CCP has separate antioxidant and signaling functions in both exponential- and stationary-phase cells.
Mitochondria of wild-type and ccp1Δ strains of S. cerevisiae in the W303-1B genetic background were isolated for proteome analysis. Over 200 protein spots were detected for both strains on 7x10 cm two-dimensional (2D) gels over the pI range 3-10. Since 2DE image analysis was not reliable for proteins with less than three-fold changes in expression, a metabolic labeling approach for isotope-ratio quantitation of proteomes by mass spectrometry (MS) was developed. The W303-1B strain, a leucine auxotroph, was grown on synthetic complete medium containing natural abundance (H10-Leu) or perdeuterated Leu (D10-Leu), and the cultures were mixed prior to 2DE separation. The D10-Leu label provided an internal mass calibrant for accurate quantitation of Leu-containing tryptic peptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS. Using this methodology to measure the stress-response indices to H2O2 of six glycolytic enzymes revealed that glycolysis was initially inhibited but restored within about two hours after challenging exponentially growing yeast cells with 0.4 mM H2O2.